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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An...
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Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings01:11

Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings

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When a rod is made of different materials or has various cross-sections, it must be divided into parts that meet the necessary conditions for determining the deformation. These parts are each characterized by their internal force, cross-sectional area, length, and modulus of elasticity. These parameters are then used to compute the deformation of the entire rod.
In the case of a member with a variable cross-section, the strain is not constant but depends on the position. The deformation of an...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry01:16

Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry

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Eccentric axial loading occurs when an axial load is applied away from the centroidal axis of a structural member. This scenario is common in engineering, where structural elements may not be directly aligned due to various design or functional requirements.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
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[Multidirectional instabilities and hyperlaxity of the shoulder].

L Merlo1

  • 1Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique, Hôpital St-Antoine, Paris.

Annales De Radiologie
|January 1, 1992
PubMed
Summary

Multidirectional shoulder instability, often missed, involves capsular distension and inferior glenohumeral ligament damage. Diagnosis requires detailed clinical and radiological exams, with conservative treatment preferred initially.

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Multidirectional instability (MDI) of the shoulder is an uncommon condition often overlooked.
  • It is characterized by capsular distension and inferior glenohumeral ligament damage, leading to inferior instability.
  • Diagnosis can be challenging, requiring thorough evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the diagnostic challenges of multidirectional shoulder instability.
  • To emphasize the importance of detailed clinical and radiological assessment.
  • To outline diagnostic and treatment strategies for MDI.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed clinical examination, potentially under general anesthesia, to determine instability direction.
  • Radiological assessment including conventional and CT arthrography.

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  • Review of anatomical lesions associated with MDI.

    • Main Results:

    • Capsular distension and inferior glenohumeral ligament damage are key anatomical findings.
    • Multidirectional instability diagnosis relies on specific clinical and radiological evidence.
    • Conventional and CT arthrography are valuable for diagnosis and treatment planning.

    Conclusions:

    • Multidirectional shoulder instability requires a high index of suspicion and meticulous diagnostic workup.
    • Conservative management is the recommended first-line treatment.
    • Surgical options, such as bone grafting and capsulorraphy, are considered when conservative measures fail.