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Evolutionary rate variation in anthocyanin pathway genes.

Yingqing Lu1, Mark D Rausher

  • 1Department of Biology, Duke University, USA.

Molecular Biology and Evolution
|July 30, 2003
PubMed
Summary
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Anthocyanin pigment pathway enzymes evolve at different rates. Upstream chalcone synthase (CHS-D) evolves slower than downstream enzymes like ancyocyanidin synthase (ANS) and UFGT, suggesting relaxed constraint on downstream genes.

Area of Science:

  • Plant molecular evolution
  • Biochemical pathway analysis
  • Genomic evolution

Background:

  • The anthocyanin pigment pathway is crucial for plant coloration.
  • Evolutionary rates of enzymes within metabolic pathways can vary significantly across taxa.
  • Previous studies indicate faster evolution in downstream enzymes compared to upstream enzymes in a broad taxonomic range.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate evolutionary rate differences between upstream and downstream anthocyanin pathway enzymes within the genus Ipomoea.
  • To determine the molecular mechanisms driving observed evolutionary rate variations.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of gene sequences for chalcone synthase (CHS-D), ancyocyanidin synthase (ANS), and UDP glucose flavonoid 3-oxy-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) within the Ipomoea genus.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Estimation of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution rates.
  • Tests for positive selection (dN/dS ratios).
  • Analysis of indel-creating events and codon bias.

    • Main Results:

    • Chalcone synthase (CHS-D), an upstream enzyme, evolves significantly slower than downstream enzymes ANS and UFGT within Ipomoea.
    • Higher synonymous substitution rates in CHS-D suggest mutation rates are not the cause of differential evolution.
    • Indel events and lack of strong positive selection were observed in all genes, but indel frequency was higher in downstream genes.
    • CHS-D exhibits evidence of codon bias, unlike the downstream genes.

    Conclusions:

    • The slower evolution of upstream anthocyanin genes (like CHS-D) compared to downstream genes (ANS, UFGT) is conserved within the Ipomoea genus.
    • Relaxed functional constraint on downstream anthocyanin genes, rather than positive selection, likely explains the observed rate differences.
    • These findings provide insights into the evolutionary dynamics of metabolic pathways in plants.