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Updated: Mar 10, 2026

Optimization of Radiochemical Reactions using Droplet Arrays
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Fully Automated [18F]AlF Radiolabeling Using a Microdroplet Reactor Platform.

Yingqing Lu1,2, Gitanjali Sharma3,4, Chiara Da Pieve3

  • 1Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Chemical Engineering Journal (Lausanne, Switzerland : 1996)
|March 9, 2026
PubMed
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This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel microdroplet platform for automated production of Fluorine-18 labeled radiotracers, significantly improving efficiency and reducing waste for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging. This advancement enhances accessibility of vital diagnostic agents.

Area of Science:

  • Radiochemistry and Nuclear Medicine
  • Biomolecular Imaging
  • Microfluidics and Automation

Background:

  • Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging relies on Fluorine-18 (18F) labeled biomolecules, but their preparation is often hindered by complex synthesis and the short 18F half-life (109.8 min).
  • The aluminum-[18F]fluoride ([18F]AlF) method offers an efficient radiofluorination route, yet faces challenges integrating microvolume chelation requirements with milliliter-scale automated radiosynthesizers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a fully automated, microdroplet-based platform for the production of [18F]AlF-labeled compounds.
  • To address the scale mismatch between microvolume radiochemistry and commercial automated synthesis systems for improved radiotracer generation.

Main Methods:

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  • Leveraged microscale radiochemistry techniques within a compact, cost-effective droplet-based platform for automated synthesis.
  • Optimized the [18F]AlF chelation process using a NODA analogue (NODA-Tz) at a 15 μL scale.
  • Applied the optimized microdroplet method to the automated synthesis of the clinically relevant PET probe [18F]AlF-FAPI-74.

    • Main Results:

    • Achieved high radiochemical yield (RCY, 75 ± 5%), radiochemical purity (RCP, >99%), activity yield (67 ± 4%), and apparent molar activity (358-482 GBq/μmol) for [18F]AlF-FAPI-74.
    • The microdroplet synthesis (19 ± 1 min) was significantly faster, used less precursor (5 nmol vs. 80 nmol), and yielded more product compared to conventional vial-based methods.
    • Produced sufficient quantities (1.8-2.4 GBq) of [18F]AlF-FAPI-74 from 2.6-3.5 GBq of [18F]fluoride for multiple patient doses.

    Conclusions:

    • Demonstrated the feasibility and advantages of translating [18F]AlF chemistry to a microdroplet platform for automated radiotracer production.
    • The microdroplet approach offers enhanced efficiency, reduced synthesis time, and lower precursor consumption, paving the way for broader clinical accessibility of PET imaging agents.