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Related Concept Videos

Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is formed in...
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents01:26

EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents

EDTA titrations are usually carried out in highly basic conditions, where the fully deprotonated form of EDTA, Y4−, actively complexes with the free metal ions in the solution. Several metal ions precipitate as hydrous oxide (hydroxides, oxides, or oxyhydroxides) under these conditions, lowering the concentration of free metal ions in the solution. For this reason, auxiliary complexing agents or ligands such as ammonia, tartrate, citrate, or triethanolamine are used in EDTA titrations to...
EDTA: Chemistry and Properties01:22

EDTA: Chemistry and Properties

Polydentate ligands are most widely used in complexometric titrations because they form more stable complexes with the metal ions than mono- or bidentate ligands due to the chelate effect. Examples of polydentate ligands are ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), crown ethers, and cryptands. The most important feature of optimal polydentate ligands is the ability to form 1:1 complexes in a single-step process. Amino carboxylic acid derivatives are frequently used as complexing agents. EDTA is...
Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
Complexometric Titration: Ligands00:43

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...

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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Removal of Arsenic Using a Cationic Polymer Gel Impregnated with Iron Hydroxide
08:01

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Published on: June 28, 2019

Enhancing Arsenate Adsorption Kinetics in Iron(III)-Crosslinked Chitosan Beads.

Gabriel Gonsalves Bertho1,2, Obinna Nwokonkwo3, Dylan R Judd2,4

  • 1Yale University, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 17 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT 06511, United States.

Chemical Engineering Journal (Lausanne, Switzerland : 1996)
|June 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Iron(III)-crosslinked chitosan (Fe-Ch) shows promise for arsenic removal. Modifying synthesis with glycine and using specific drying techniques significantly boosts adsorption rates for cleaner water.

Keywords:
adsorptionarsenicchitosanironkineticsselectivity

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Materials Science
  • Chemistry

Background:

  • Iron(III)-crosslinked chitosan (Fe-Ch) is a promising adsorbent for arsenate (As(V)) removal from water.
  • However, Fe-Ch materials often exhibit slow adsorption kinetics due to low surface area and high activation energy for chemisorption, limiting practical application.
  • Optimizing Fe-Ch performance is crucial for sustainable arsenic remediation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate factors influencing the adsorption kinetics of Fe-Ch beads for As(V) removal.
  • To identify synthesis and drying strategies that enhance adsorption rates without compromising selectivity.
  • To improve the scalability of Fe-Ch for effective arsenic remediation.

Main Methods:

  • Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to study adsorption kinetics.
  • Molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to understand structural and chemical interactions.
  • The impact of different synthesis anions (e.g., acetate, glycine) and drying techniques (freeze-drying, air-drying) on Fe-Ch performance was evaluated.

Main Results:

  • The identity of anions during Fe-Ch synthesis significantly affects bead structure, surface area, and crosslinking degree.
  • Acetate in synthesis led to higher surface area and enhanced kinetics, while glycine resulted in the highest adsorption rates due to increased hydrophilicity and favorable coordination for arsenate.
  • Freeze-dried beads were chemisorption-limited, whereas air-dried beads were initially diffusion-limited until swelling.
  • The pseudo-second-order rate constant was increased 24-fold compared to literature values.

Conclusions:

  • Synthesis conditions, particularly the inclusion of glycine, can dramatically improve Fe-Ch adsorption kinetics for arsenate.
  • Drying methods influence the rate-limiting step in the adsorption process.
  • Optimized Fe-Ch beads demonstrate enhanced performance for As(V) remediation, offering a more scalable and sustainable solution.