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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spinal Surgery

Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spinal Surgery

Published on: August 17, 2022

Intraoperative spinal navigation.

Langston T Holly¹, Kevin T Foley

¹Division of Neurosurgery, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.

|August 5, 2003

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Image-guided surgery (IGS) enhances spinal instrumentation accuracy and patient safety. This review details IGS methods, improving surgical outcomes in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine.

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Cone Beam Intraoperative Computed Tomography-based Image Guidance for Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Interbody Fusion

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Last Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spinal Surgery

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Published on: August 17, 2022

A Spine Robotic-Assisted Navigation System for Pedicle Screw Placement

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Cone Beam Intraoperative Computed Tomography-based Image Guidance for Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Interbody Fusion

Cone Beam Intraoperative Computed Tomography-based Image Guidance for Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Interbody Fusion

Published on: August 6, 2019

Area of Science:

Spine Surgery
Medical Technology
Surgical Navigation

Background:

Image-guided surgery (IGS) represents a significant advancement in spine surgery.
IGS offers multiplanar views of spinal anatomy for planning and real-time instrument tracking.
IGS technology enhances accuracy and patient safety in spinal instrumentation procedures.

Observation:

Review of medical literature and clinical/laboratory experience with intraoperative spinal navigation.
Analysis of current image-guided surgical technologies used in spine surgery.

Findings:

IGS procedures demonstrate lower rates of screw misplacement compared to non-IGS procedures.
Common IGS methods include CT-based image guidance and virtual fluoroscopy.
Emerging technologies combine C-arm fluoroscopy with computer-assisted guidance for intraoperative CT imaging.

Implications:

Intraoperative spinal navigation has rapidly advanced, benefiting numerous surgical procedures.
Future developments in IGS technology are expected to expand clinical applications and address limitations.
Continued innovation in IGS will further refine surgical precision and patient outcomes in spine surgery.