Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 5, 2026

Determining the Contribution of the Energy Systems During Exercise
Published on: March 20, 2012
[Are the integrators and supplements useful in sports?]
Alessandro Cristani1, Elena Boldrini
1Divisione di Medicina Interna II, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia.
Abstract:
The continued controversy regarding doping in Italian soccer turns the discussion to the use of food integration in sports. In Italy, there is only the word "integrator" to name many products so different regarding biological features and indication usage. We think it is useful, first of all, to talk about the meaning of integration, and then to introduce the differences between nutritional ergogenic aids and supplements and, finally, to think through relationship between nutrition and athletic performance. On the basis of recent literature, there is no evidence of any real benefit for athletes in taking nutritional ergogenic aids or supplements.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Isotonic and Isometric Muscle Contractions
Isotonic contractions
Isotonic contractions occur when a muscle changes length while the...
Exercise and Muscle Performance
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...
Muscle Coordination and Action
Agonists
Agonist muscles, often called prime movers, are the primary muscles responsible for producing a specific movement.
Cognitive Enhancers: Cholinesterase Inhibitors and NMDA Receptor Antagonists
Exercise and Cardiovascular Response
Light to moderate physical activity initiates a series of interconnected responses in the body. The heart rate modestly increases in anticipation of the workout, followed by widespread vasodilation as oxygen consumption by skeletal muscles increases. This results in decreased peripheral resistance, increased capillary blood flow, and accelerated...
Proteins: Dietary Sources and Requirements

