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Cross-species infections.

R A Weiss1

  • 1Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, University College London, 46 Cleveland Street, London, W1T 4JF, UK. r.weiss@ucl.ac.uk

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
|August 26, 2003
PubMed
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Animals are a significant source of human infectious diseases, including direct zoonoses like rabies and H5N1 avian influenza, and indirectly sustained infections such as measles and HIV. Understanding cross-species viral transmission is crucial.

Area of Science:

  • * Zoonotic diseases and viral evolution.
  • * Epidemiology and public health.
  • * Infectious disease transmission dynamics.

Background:

  • * Animals have historically served as a primary reservoir for human infectious diseases.
  • * Infections can transmit directly from animals to humans (zoonoses) or evolve independently within human populations.
  • * Examples include rabies, measles, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, H5N1 avian influenza, 1918 influenza pandemic, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To review the historical context of cross-species viral and other infections.
  • * To examine the evolution of virulence in zoonotic diseases.
  • * To address concerns regarding iatrogenic enhancement of cross-species transfer.

Main Methods:

Related Experiment Videos

  • * Historical review of zoonotic disease emergence and evolution.
  • * Analysis of viral divergence and adaptation across species.
  • * Consideration of medical procedures' role in disease transmission.

Main Results:

  • * Zoonoses represent a continuous threat, with examples ranging from direct transmission (rabies) to sustained human epidemics (measles, HIV).
  • * Viral evolution can lead to pathogens adapting to new hosts, sometimes oscillating between hosts.
  • * Medical interventions like xenotransplantation may pose risks for enhanced cross-species viral transfer.

Conclusions:

  • * Cross-species infections are a significant and evolving public health challenge.
  • * Understanding viral evolution and transmission pathways is critical for preventing future pandemics.
  • * Careful consideration of medical procedures is necessary to mitigate risks of iatrogenic disease spread.