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Related Experiment Videos

Can false memories be created through nonconscious processes?

René Zeelenberg1, Gijs Plomp, Jeroen G W Raaijmakers

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 15, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. rzeelenb@indiana.edu

Consciousness and Cognition
|August 28, 2003
PubMed
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Short word presentations in the Deese/Roediger and McDermott (DRM) paradigm did not produce false memories. This suggests that extremely short presentations may not reliably elicit the DRM false memory effect, challenging nonconscious basis claims.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Memory Research
  • False Memory

Background:

  • The Deese/Roediger and McDermott (DRM) paradigm is a common method for studying false memory.
  • Previous research suggested that false memories could occur even with very brief word presentations.
  • The potential for nonconscious processes to underlie false memories has been a topic of debate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of varying presentation times on false memory.
  • To replicate findings suggesting false memory effects from extremely short word presentations.
  • To examine the role of presentation duration in the DRM paradigm.

Main Methods:

  • Participants studied lists of words presented for durations ranging from 20 ms to 2000 ms.
  • Two experiments were conducted: a within-subjects design and a between-subjects design.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Memory for studied words and critical lures (unstudied but related words) were assessed.

    • Main Results:

    • At a 2000 ms presentation time, participants recalled studied words and showed a false memory effect for critical lures.
    • At shorter presentation times (20 ms and 40 ms), no memory for studied words or false memory effect was observed.
    • Results indicate that very brief presentations do not reliably produce false memories in the DRM task.

    Conclusions:

    • The study found no evidence for false memory effects with extremely short word presentations.
    • The findings challenge the claim that nonconscious processes are the primary basis for the DRM false memory effect.
    • Sufficient encoding time appears necessary for both true and false memory formation in this paradigm.