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The Pituitary Gland

The Pituitary Gland

The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice

Published on: December 17, 2010

Chondroid chordoma presenting with hypopituitarism.

H Koshiyama¹, M Sakamoto, K Fujiwara

¹Department of Medicine, Kyoto City Hospital, Japan.

Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan)

|December 1, 1992

Summary

A rare chondroid chordoma in a young man caused visual issues and hypopituitarism. This skull base tumor

Area of Science:

Neuro-oncology
Endocrinology
Radiology

Background:

Chordoma is a rare bone tumor originating from notochordal remnants.
Chondroid chordoma is an uncommon histological variant.
Intracranial chordomas are rare and can present with diverse neurological deficits.

Observation:

A 28-year-old male presented with visual disturbance and hypopituitarism.
Imaging studies (CT and MRI) revealed a skull base tumor.
Tumor growth over a six-year period was noted.

Findings:

The patient was diagnosed with chondroid chordoma of the skull base.
Hypopituitarism is a rare complication of intracranial chordoma.
The tumor's slow development over six years suggests a potentially poor prognosis in younger patients.

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Implications:

Chondroid chordoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hypopituitarism, especially in young individuals.
Advanced imaging techniques are crucial for preoperative diagnosis.
Long-term follow-up is essential for managing rare tumors like chondroid chordoma.