[Fragile X syndrome: current knowledge]

Fragile X syndromes is a disease characterized by the association of mental retardation and dysmorphic features to a fragile site on Xq27-3. It is a frequent genetic disorder (1 in 1,500 males) recognized only 20 years ago but remaining difficult to understand, because its transmission among generations does not correspond to the classical model of recessivity linked to chromosome X. In fact, carrier females can express the disease and transmitting males can be normal. With DNA probes, molecular biology has contributed to genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis. Restriction polymorphisms have long been used to study the inheritance of fragile X syndrome and DNA markers' analysis improved risk estimates for carriers. From a clinical viewpoint, there was a need for more closely linked probes to help in prenatal diagnosis and to assess carrier status and hence reduce risk of recombination. In 1991, new probes allowed direct diagnosis of the Fra (X) mutation and a gene was sequenced. Nevertheless the understanding of the mechanism involved in the underlying mutation is still unknown. Geneticists, cytogeneticists and biologists must collaborate further to elucidate the fragile site mystery.