Antigen processing in the mucosal immune system

The mucosal immune system is concerned with host defense along the moist surfaces of the body which have contact with the external environment. These sites contain specialized lymphoid structures which contain precursors for IgA-synthesizing B lymphocytes and immunoregulatory T lymphocytes which will determine whether oral tolerance or a strong immune response develops against antigens administered orally. The key step to antigen processing in the gastrointestinal tract involves its initial uptake from the gut lumen by specialized follicle associated epithelium called 'M' cells. M cells originate from adjacent crypt epithelium and are interspersed between the absorptive epithelial cells in the follicle-associated epithelium. M cells cells have short, irregular microvilli, are closely associated with lymphocytes, do not have a prominent terminal web, and have only weak alkaline phosphatase activity but strong nonspecific esterase activity. M cells do not express surface MHC class II (HLA-DR) antigens. These cells take up macromolecules, viruses, bacteria and protozoa within 30 minutes from the initial presentation of the antigen to the intestinal lumen. After the initial uptake of antigen by M cells, the antigens are transported into the follicular areas to be processed by dendritic cells and brought into close contact with the antigen-specific precursors for IgA secreting plasma cells. The final result of M cell processing is the production of a vigorous secretory IgA response and local cell-mediated immunity with suppression of a systemic IgG, IgE and delayed-type hypersensitivity to orally-administered antigens.