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Related Concept Videos

What is the Skeletal System?

What is the Skeletal System?

Bone Remodeling

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...

Bone Disorders

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...

Hormones and Bone Tissue

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Models of Bone Metastasis

Models of Bone Metastasis

Published on: September 4, 2012

Paget's disease of bone.

Annual Review of Medicine

|January 1, 1977

Summary

Paget

Area of Science:

Bone biology and genetic disorders

Background:

Paget's disease of bone affects over 3% of individuals older than 40.
Etiology is debated, with potential genetic (autosomal-dominant) and viral factors.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current understanding of Paget's disease etiology.
To evaluate the efficacy and limitations of existing therapeutic agents.

Main Methods:

Literature review of genetic, viral, and therapeutic research on Paget's disease.

Main Results:

Calcitonin loses efficacy over time.
Mithramycin exhibits significant toxicity.
Diphosphonates are associated with osteomalacia.

Conclusions:

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Last Updated: May 1, 2026

Models of Bone Metastasis

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Current treatments for Paget's disease have notable drawbacks.
Further research is needed for safer and more effective therapies.