Oculomotor readiness and covert orienting: differences between central and peripheral precues

The costs produced by invalid precues can depend on the spatial relationship between the cued location and the target location. If oculomotor programs mediate attention shifts, then the effect of varying the spatial relation between the cue and target should be the same for covert orienting (indexed by manual responses) and saccadic responses. We found this to be true only for central precues. With central precues, both manual and saccadic costs were greater when cue and target occurred on opposite sides of the vertical meridian than when they occurred on the same side. With peripheral precues, there were no meridian effects in either response condition, but there was a significant dissociation in the pattern of saccadic and manual costs. For manual responses costs were greater when the target was eccentric relative to the cue, whereas for saccades costs were greater when the cue was eccentric to the target. These results provide additional support for the idea that different orienting mechanisms are engaged by central and peripheral precues. They further suggest that the relationship between oculomotor and attentional orienting may depend on the nature of the precue, with the potential for interdependence being greater with central precues.