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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
Necrosis01:16

Necrosis

Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
Morphological Manifestations of Necrosis
Necrotic cells show different types of morphological appearance depending on the type of tissue and infection. In coagulative necrosis, cells become anucleated and die, but their...
Radical Formation: Elimination00:51

Radical Formation: Elimination

Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the radical. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, dibenzoyl peroxide yields a pair of unstable radicals upon homolysis. Given its instability, this radical spontaneously undergoes elimination via a C–C bond cleavage to form a relatively more stable phenyl radical. The mechanism involves cleavage of the bond between the α and β positions with respect to...
Cellular Injury IlI: Cellular Death01:11

Cellular Injury IlI: Cellular Death

Cell death is the irreversible loss of cellular structure and function, representing the final stage of severe injury. It plays a key role in both normal physiology and disease.Types of Cell DeathThe two main types are necrosis and apoptosis, though others like necroptosis and pyroptosis also exist.Necrosis:Necrosis is an unregulated form of cell death caused by severe injury such as trauma, toxins, or ischemia. It is characterized by cell swelling, membrane loss, rupture, and leakage of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death
09:18

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

Published on: December 27, 2016

COLLAGENOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF INTACT AND NECROTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE.

E R GOLDSTEIN, Y M PATEL, J C HOUCK

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |November 13, 1964
    PubMed
    Summary

    Rat skin extracts, activated by limited trypsin, release hydroxyproline from soluble and insoluble collagen. This collagenolytic activity is pH 5.5-dependent and heat-labile.

    Keywords:
    COLLAGENCONNECTIVE TISSUEEXPERIMENTAL LAB STUDYHYDROXYPROLINENECROSISRATSSKINTISSUE EXTRACTS

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    Quantification of Cytokine-Induced Cell Death in Human Colonic Organoids Using Live Fluorescence Microscopy

    Published on: August 2, 2024

    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Dermatology
    • Enzymology

    Background:

    • Collagen is a key structural protein in skin.
    • Understanding collagen degradation is crucial for skin biology and disease.
    • Limited information exists on endogenous collagenolytic enzymes in skin extracts.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the collagenolytic potential of rat skin extracts.
    • To characterize the conditions and inhibitors affecting this activity.

    Main Methods:

    • Preparation of isotonic saline extracts from rat skin (intact and necrotic).
    • Limited proteolytic activation of extracts using trypsin.
    • Assay of hydroxyproline release from soluble and insoluble collagen.
    • Testing the effect of pH, inhibitors (soybean trypsin inhibitor, EDTA, heavy metal salts), heat, and extensive proteolysis on collagenolytic activity.

    Main Results:

    • Activated rat skin extracts released over 50% of soluble collagen's hydroxyproline.
    • These extracts also solubilized insoluble collagen, releasing hydroxyproline-containing peptides.
    • Optimal collagenolytic activity was observed at pH 5.5.
    • The activity was not inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor, EDTA, or heavy metal salts.
    • General proteolytic activity against denatured hemoglobin was absent.
    • Collagenolytic activity was abolished by heat and extensive tryptic digestion.

    Conclusions:

    • Rat skin contains latent collagenolytic factors that can be activated by limited proteolysis.
    • These factors exhibit specific collagenase-like activity, distinct from general proteases.
    • The findings suggest a role for these activated factors in skin collagen turnover or remodeling.