Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Method to Obtain Pattern of Breathing in Senescent Mice through Unrestrained Barometric Plethysmography
09:13

Method to Obtain Pattern of Breathing in Senescent Mice through Unrestrained Barometric Plethysmography

Published on: April 28, 2020

Apnea and periodic breathing in healthy full-term infants, 12-18 months of age

D H Kelly1, L Riordan, M J Smith

  • 1Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114.

Pediatric Pulmonology
|July 1, 1992
PubMed

Insights

Home pneumograms are used for infants, but standards for those over 12 months were lacking. This study establishes normal pneumogram values for healthy infants aged 12-18 months, aiding in home monitoring assessments.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Neonatal Monitoring
  • Respiratory Physiology

Background:

  • Home monitoring, including pneumograms, is common for infants.
  • Established pneumogram standards exist for infants under 12 months.
  • Normative data for infants older than 12 months is currently lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish normative pneumogram values for healthy infants aged 12-18 months.
  • To provide reference standards for home monitoring in this age group.

Main Methods:

  • Recorded standard pneumograms on 88 full-term healthy infants (12-18 months).
  • Analyzed respiratory rate, heart rate, apnea density, longest apnea, periodic breathing, and bradycardia over 12 hours.
  • Compared data between sexes and age subgroups (12-14.9 months vs. 15.0-18.0 months).

Main Results:

  • No significant differences were found in any measured parameter between sexes or age subgroups.
  • Combined data from all infants to determine population norms.
  • Established reference ranges for key cardiorespiratory parameters in 12-18 month olds.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully defined normal pneumogram values for healthy infants aged 12-18 months.
  • These findings provide essential reference standards for clinical use and home monitoring.
  • Age and sex do not significantly impact pneumogram parameters in this older infant population.

More Related Videos

Investigation into Deep Breathing through Measurement of Ventilatory Parameters and Observation of Breathing Patterns08:34

Investigation into Deep Breathing through Measurement of Ventilatory Parameters and Observation of Breathing Patterns

Published on: September 16, 2019

Continuous Telemetric In Utero Tracheal Pressure Measurements in Fetal Lambs05:40

Continuous Telemetric In Utero Tracheal Pressure Measurements in Fetal Lambs

Published on: December 22, 2023

Related Concept Videos

Breathing01:05

Breathing

The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities I01:26

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities I

Assessing the respiratory rate and rhythm for a complete minute is crucial for evaluating the breathing pattern. Even a minor increase in the patient's average respiratory rate, by as little as three to five breaths per minute, is an early and vital indicator of respiratory distress. Patients with a respiratory rate exceeding twenty-four breaths per minute require close monitoring to determine the physiological alterations. This careful observation is essential for prompt recognition and...
Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm01:29

Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm

Respiratory Depth
Respiratory depth measures the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a breath. It can vary from shallow to deep and typically remains consistent when a person is at rest or asleep. Occasionally, individuals will automatically inhale deeply, known as sighing, which inflates the lungs with more air than normal breathing.
To assess respiratory depth, observe the degree of chest excursion or movement:
Alterations in Respiration II01:30

Alterations in Respiration II

There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes include...
Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract II: Inspection01:27

Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract II: Inspection

Physical assessment of the respiratory tract through inspection is a crucial step in understanding the patient's respiratory health. It provides insights into the functioning of the respiratory system, the musculoskeletal structure, and even the patient's nutritional status. This comprehensive approach involves observing several vital aspects: chest configuration, breathing patterns, respiratory rates, skin color, and use of accessory muscles.
Chest Configuration
The chest configuration can...