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Molecular genetics and biochemical mechanisms in bladder cancer. Oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and growth
1Department of Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
Abstract:
Transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder is believed to arise through a series of genetic changes affecting cell growth and proliferation. Two basic types of such genes have been described: protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. The former have not been studied extensively in bladder cancer, although there is evidence that c-erb B-2/neu is overexpressed. Loss of specific chromosomal regions, which is common in bladder tumors, may inactivate tumor suppressor genes, of which p53 has received the most attention. Work also has been done on epidermal growth factor and its receptor, yielding evidence that malignant and normal urothelium have different sensitivities to its action. Although several advances must be made before genetic changes come to the clinical forefront, the information now being gained with such speed holds considerable promise for diagnosis and treatment.
Insights
Genetic alterations in bladder cancer involve protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Research highlights c-erb B-2/neu overexpression and p53 inactivation, showing promise for future diagnosis and treatment.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Cancer Genetics
- Molecular Biology
Background:
- Transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder (TCC) development is linked to genetic alterations affecting cell growth.
- Key genetic players include protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
- Previous research has primarily focused on tumor suppressor genes like p53.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the current understanding of genetic changes in bladder cancer.
- To explore the roles of protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in TCC development.
- To discuss the potential clinical implications of these genetic findings.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing literature on genetic alterations in bladder cancer.
- Analysis of studies investigating protooncogenes (e.g., c-erb B-2/neu) and tumor suppressor genes (e.g., p53).
- Examination of research on growth factors and their receptors in urothelial cells.
Main Results:
- Protooncogenes, such as c-erb B-2/neu, show evidence of overexpression in bladder cancer.
- Loss of chromosomal regions in bladder tumors suggests inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, with p53 being a key focus.
- Differential sensitivities to epidermal growth factor between malignant and normal urothelium have been observed.
Conclusions:
- Genetic changes are fundamental to bladder cancer progression.
- Further research into protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes is warranted.
- Advances in understanding these genetic alterations hold significant promise for improved bladder cancer diagnosis and treatment strategies.