Developments and trends in enzyme catalysis in nonconventional media

Area of Science:

• Biocatalysis
• Enzyme Engineering

Background:

• Enzymes traditionally considered active only in aqueous media are now known to function in nonaqueous environments like organic solvents and supercritical fluids.
• Enzymatic reactions in nonaqueous media enable the synthesis of diverse valuable chemicals, including pharmaceuticals, biopolymers, and specialty esters.

Purpose of the Study:

• This review examines the historical progress, technological advancements, and current trends in enzyme catalysis within nonconventional media.
• It highlights the industrial applications of various enzyme classes and discusses strategies for optimizing biocatalysis.

Main Methods:

• The review synthesizes findings from studies on enzyme activity in macro- and microaqueous systems.
• It discusses protein engineering and directed evolution as key methods for modifying enzymes.
• Analysis includes novel solvent systems, water activity, stability, and medium engineering.

Main Results:

• Enzymes demonstrate activity in nonaqueous media, though often lower than in water.
• Protein engineering and directed evolution are effective in enhancing enzyme performance in these environments.
• Various enzyme classes have been successfully applied in industrial processes using nonconventional media.

Conclusions:

• Enzyme catalysis in nonaqueous media is a rapidly advancing field with significant industrial potential.
• Optimizing enzyme stability, activity, and selectivity through engineering is crucial for broader application.
• Continued research into novel solvent systems and biocatalyst design will drive future innovations.