Bone turnover responses to changed physical activity

The aim of the study was to compare bone turnover in male soccer players with controls and to follow bone turnover with changes in activity level. Serum-osteocalcin (OC), carboxy-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (PICP) and total alkaline phosphatases (tALP) were measured to assess bone formation. Bone resorption was detected by carboxyterminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP). Bone turnover of 12 male premier league soccer players (mean age 23 years, range, 17-34) exercising 12 hours/week (range, 8-15) were at the last day of the soccer season compared with 27 age- and gender-matched controls. Bone turnover was followed weekly during a 4-week resting period between two seasons, and a further 10 days following resumption of full training. Data are presented as mean +/- SEM. Both OC (22 +/- 12%) and ICTP (34 +/- 17%) were higher in the players compared with the controls at the end of the season (both P < 0.05, respectively). After 2 weeks of reduced physical activity among the athletes, the PICP levels were 21 +/- 4% (P < 0.05) lower and the ICTP levels 8 +/- 12% higher (P = 0.07) compared with baseline. OC, PICP, and tALP was then no different compared with controls and ICTP was higher than controls (P < 0.001). Ten days within the new season, there was a 23 +/- 5% increase in PICP (P < 0.001) and a 4 +/- 4% decrease in ICTP (P < 0.05) compared with the end of the resting period. In summary, male soccer players have higher bone turnover compared with age- and gender-matched controls. Changes in physical activity level were associated with changes in bone formation and resorption as evaluated by bone markers within weeks, and after 2 weeks rest, ICTP was higher in the athletes than the controls. We conclude that the higher age-related diminution in BMD, previously reported in former soccer players compared with age- and gender-matched controls, may be the result of increased bone resorption, evaluated by ICTP, compared with the controls.