Fluorescent molecular thermometers based on polymers showing temperature-induced phase transitions and labeled with...

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) in aqueous solution undergoes a phase transition at approximately 32 degrees C. The fluorescence properties of benzofurazans are affected by solvent polarity. We combine these two characteristics for the first time to develop sensitive fluorescent molecular thermometers. Five fluorescent monomers having a benzofurazan skeleton were synthesized, and the copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and a small quantity of the fluorescent monomer were obtained to investigate their fluorescence properties. With increase in temperature, the copolymers in water showed the temperature-induced phase transition at approximately 32 degrees C and the fluorescence intensities of the copolymers concurrently increased. Especially, for the copolymer of 4-N-(2-acryloyloxyethyl)-N-methylamino-7-N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole and NIPAM, the fluorescence intensity at 37 degrees C was 13.3-fold that seen at 29 degrees C. The sensitive range of temperature of these fluorescent molecular thermometers is changed by the replacement of the NIPAM units by N-isopropylmethacrylamide or N-n-propylacrylamide units in the copolymers. The basis of these fluorescent molecular thermometers is the decrease in the microenvironmental polarities near the main chains of the copolymers with increasing temperature, as confirmed from the maximum emission wavelengths of the benzofurazan units in the copolymers. The responses from the copolymers to the change in temperature are reversible and exactly repeatable during at least 10 cycles of heating and cooling.