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Updated: Aug 30, 2026

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
Published on: February 13, 2021
Management of decompensated heart failure
1University of Maryland Medical System, Division of Cardiology, 22 S Greene St, Suite S3B08, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. kbranum@medicine.umaryland.edu
Abstract:
Much has been written about the management of chronic heart failure (HF) and there is strong evidence from many controlled, multicenter trials to support a specific strategy for management of compensated HF. There is little evidence and limited guidance for the management of patients during a period of decompensation. The use of diuretics, inodilators, and vasodilators is based primarily on anecdotal observation. This article reviews selected current literature in three areas (diuretics, vasodilators, and inotropes) to examine objective evidence and expert opinion that are available to guide the advanced practitioner who manages the care of patients with decompensated HF.
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