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Post-entry restriction of retroviral infections.
Greg J Towers1, Stephen P Goff
1Wohl Virion Center, Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, Windeyer Institute, University College London, 46 Cleveland St., London W1T 4JF, UK.
AIDS Reviews
|November 6, 2003
Summary
Host restriction genes like Fv1, Ref1, and Lv1 block pathogenic retrovirus infections. These dominant-acting mechanisms target viral capsid genes, offering protection against viruses including murine leukemia virus and human immunodeficiency viruses.
Area of Science:
- Virology
- Immunology
- Genetics
Background:
- Pathogenic retroviruses have spurred the evolution of host defense mechanisms.
- The mouse gene Fv1 provides protection against murine leukemia virus (MLV) by targeting its capsid gene post-reverse transcription.
- Similar restriction activities are observed in other mammals (Ref1 in humans) and primates (Lv1).
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the mechanisms and evolutionary implications of host restriction factors against retroviruses.
- To highlight the role of genes like Fv1, Ref1, and Lv1 in innate antiviral immunity.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing literature on retroviral restriction factors.
- Analysis of the specificity and saturation kinetics of restriction.
- Comparison of restriction mechanisms across different species.
Main Results:
- Fv1, Ref1, and Lv1 are dominant-acting host restriction factors.
- These factors target viral capsid genes and act post-reverse transcription.
- Lv1 in primates restricts a broad range of retroviruses, including MLV and lentiviruses, with saturable inhibition.
Conclusions:
- Host restriction factors play a crucial role in controlling retroviral infections.
- The discovery of Lv1 expands our understanding of primate antiviral defenses against diverse retroviruses.
- Further research into these mechanisms can inform strategies against viral pathogens.