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Updated: Aug 30, 2026

The Motivation for Alcohol Reward: Predictors of Progressive-Ratio Intravenous Alcohol Self-Administration in Humans
Published on: April 28, 2022
[Alcohol consumption, income and education in Norway, 1993-2000]
Bjørn Heine Strand1, Asbjørn Steiro
1Divisjon for epidemiologi, Nasjonalt folkehelseinstitutt, Postboks 4404 Nydalen, 0403 Oslo. bjorn.heine.strand@fhi.no
Background:
We have studied the trend in alcohol consumption by socio-economic status in Norway over the 1993-2000 period. Have differences in consumption been stable over time, or have they levelled off?
Material And Methods:
Our analysis is based on self-reported data from 6894 persons, stratified by year, sex, age, level of education, level of income, and where in Norway they lived. Bivariate and multiple analyses were performed.
Results:
Alcohol consumption increased in all socio-economic groups over this period. Men consumed more than women; consumption increased with level of education and level of income. Income and level of education predicted alcohol consumption about equally well. The Oslo area had the highest consumption.
Interpretation:
Alcohol consumption has increased in all socio-economic groups. It increases with level of education and higher income; men consume more than women.
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