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The sun and heliosphere at solar maximum.

E J Smith1, R G Marsden, A Balogh

  • 1Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|November 15, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Ulysses data shows the Sun's magnetic field is nearly perpendicular to its rotation axis. This influences the heliosphere, directing solar wind and particles globally, and reducing cosmic rays at all latitudes.

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Area of Science:

  • Space Physics
  • Heliophysics
  • Solar Physics

Background:

  • The heliosphere's structure and dynamics are crucial for understanding space weather.
  • Solar maximum presents unique conditions for observing the Sun and its extended environment.
  • Previous models of the heliospheric magnetic field orientation were based on limited observations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the three-dimensional heliosphere during solar maximum.
  • To investigate the origin and orientation of the heliospheric magnetic field.
  • To understand the latitudinal distribution of solar wind, energetic particles, and cosmic rays.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing data from the Ulysses spacecraft.
  • Analyzing observations across a wide range of solar latitudes, from equator to poles.
  • Correlating magnetic field measurements with solar wind properties and energetic particle data.

Main Results:

  • The heliospheric magnetic field dipole is oriented nearly perpendicular to the Sun's rotation axis.
  • Low-latitude magnetic fields, solar wind, and energetic particles propagate to all heliospheric latitudes.
  • A symmetric reduction in cosmic ray flux was observed across all latitudes.
  • Fast high-latitude solar wind and polar coronal holes exhibit simultaneous disappearance and reappearance.

Conclusions:

  • The Sun's magnetic field geometry significantly impacts global heliospheric conditions.
  • Low-latitude phenomena play a dominant role in populating the entire heliosphere.
  • Understanding these dynamics is key to predicting space weather events and their effects.