[Alcohol and cardiovascular diseases. Current knowledge and controversies]

Epidemiological studies have suggested that cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality can be decreased by moderate alcohol consumption. Pattern of drinking, defined as binge versus steady drinking, plays a role in the relation between alcohol intake and cardiovascular disease. Several studies have also assessed the relative risk associated to different types of alcoholic beverages. The evidence obtained strongly suggests, that there is a major beneficial effect from drinking wine in low-moderate amounts. A recent meta-analysis indicates a negative association of moderate (up to 150 ml/day) wine consumption with the risk of cardiovascular events. The cardiovascular protective effects of wine may be attributed in part to the antioxidant, vasorelaxant and antithrombotic properties of its polyphenolic components. In the absence of contraindications, patients should be informed that low-moderate wine consumption, in the context of healthy eating and lifestyle, may contribute to a better health. The hazards of excess drinking should be always highlighted, and heavy drinkers pushed to cut their consumption to a moderate level.