Engineering cartilage growth and development

The invocation of the principles of tissue engineering for the production of cartilage has been clearly defined. Investigators have delineated the protocols for cell harvesting, matrix configuration, and in vivo implantation, resulting in morphologically and histologically mature cartilaginous tissue. Tremendous advances in the science of materials science have increased the availability of synthetic, biocompatible, biodegradable polymers for creation of cell-polymer constructs. It has been well demonstrated that chondrogenesis is possible in nude animal models, through subcutaneous implantation or injectable methods. Assessment of neocartilage weeks to months after development has confirmed that it conforms to predetermined shapes and possesses the biomechanical properties of the tissue from which it is derived. Future studies must address the potential for inflammatory responses in immunocompetent hosts. Long-term biomechanical assessments of tissue engineered cartilage are needed to provide evidence of longevity for application in clinical settings. Although the regeneration of articular, hyaline cartilage has been well demonstrated, further investigation should assess tissue engineering of elastic cartilage, especially for use in facial reconstructive surgery. As refinement of tissue engineered cartilage continues, we approach the era of dramatic advances in facial reconstruction using this potential ideal substance.