Lucigenin and coelenterazine as superoxide probes in mitochondrial and bacterial membranes

The chemiluminescent superoxide indicators lucigenin and coelenterazine were compared in rat liver submitochondrial particles and cytoplasmic membranes from Paracoccus denitrificans. Qualitative monitoring is possible with both probes, but quantitative work with lucigenin is hampered by its dependence on one-electron reduction before the photon-emitting reaction. Therefore, calibration of measurements on complex I, capable of efficient lucigenin prereduction with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, against xanthine oxidase, which in the presence of hypoxanthine is not able to reduce the probe to a significant rate compared to complex I, may give results in error by one order of magnitude. Coelenterazine, although susceptible of storage-dependent high background chemiluminescence, does not require prereduction and is thus a more reliable probe.