Clinical usefulness of laser-evoked potentials

In contrast to the function of the visual or auditory pathways which are electrophysiologically accessible by visual or auditory evoked potentials, the somatosensory pathway cannot be investigated as a whole by conventional somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP), because these only reflect function of large fibers, dorsal columns, medial lemniscus and their thalamo-cortical projections mediating sensations like touch and vibration. The other half of the somatosensory system, signaling temperature and pain perception, uses a different set of afferents and different central pathways, the function of which is accessible by laser-evoked potentials (LEPs). LEP can document lesions of the spinothalamic tract and (lateral) brainstem and of thalamo-cortical projections conveying thermo-nociceptive signals. In the peripheral nerve, LEP can help distinguish between large and small fiber neuropathies. The rapid heating of the skin by infrared laser pulses can easily be applied to non-glabrous skin in any dermatome. In recent years, many clinical studies have demonstrated that LEP can supply evidence for establishing clinical diagnoses when deficits of the nociceptive system are present. This review outlines principles and recording techniques for LEP in patients and compiles typical LEP findings in patients with lesions due to different diseases at various levels of the nociceptive pathways. Limitations for the use of LEP are pointed out, too, like the uncertainty of lesion location along these pathways and the fact that LEP can reliably show correlates of reduced nociceptive function but only rarely of enhanced transmission (like in hyperalgesia).