Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 29, 2026

Development of Human Renal Tubular Epithelial Cell Primary Cultures in Monolayers and Three-Dimensional Conditions
Published on: June 13, 2025
Low water-soluble uremic toxins
Raymond Camille Vanholder1, Griet Glorieux, Rita De Smet
1Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Gent, Belgium. raymond.vanholder@rug.ac.be
Abstract:
The uremic syndrome is the result of the retention of solutes, which under normal conditions are cleared by the healthy kidneys. Uremic retention products are arbitrarily subdivided according to their molecular weight. Low-molecular-weight molecules are characterized by a molecular weight below 500 D. The purpose of the present publication is to review the main water soluble, nonprotein bound uremic retention solutes, together with their main toxic effects. We will consecutively discuss creatinine, glomerulopressin, the guanidines, the methylamines, myo-inositol, oxalate, phenylacetyl-glutamine, phosphate, the polyamines, pseudouridine, the purines, the trihalomethanes, and urea per se.
Related Concept Videos
Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Tubular Reabsorption
Enhanced Elimination of Poison
Antidotes serve a crucial role in counteracting the effects of poison by inhibiting enzymes responsible for producing harmful drug metabolites. In some cases, these toxic metabolites can be neutralized by endogenous cosubstrates, which are maintained at specific concentrations to prevent interaction with cellular macromolecules and subsequent cell death.
Renal excretion is the...
Renal Drug Excretion: Tubular Secretion
Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Tubular Secretion
Renal Drug Excretion: Tubular Reabsorption
Drug Dosing in Renal Diseases: Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate
