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Ureters

Ureters

The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...

Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography

Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography

IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Vessel-sparing Excision and Primary Anastomosis

Vessel-sparing Excision and Primary Anastomosis

Published on: January 7, 2019

Evolution of the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in Spain.

Jose M Moran Penco¹, Andre Gomez Fraile, Jorge Rodríguez Alarcon

¹Children's Hospital of Infanta Cristina, Badajoz, Spain. jmmoran@unex.es

The Journal of Urology

|January 10, 2004

Summary

Endoscopic treatment (ET) for vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) has advanced in Spain, with subureteral polytetrafluoroethylene injection (STING) showing reliable long-term results and a good quality/price ratio.

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An Immature Murine Model of Reversible Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction

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Published on: April 4, 2025

Area of Science:

Pediatric Urology
Surgical Innovation

Background:

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a condition affecting children, requiring effective treatment strategies.
Traditional treatments for VUR included open surgery and prolonged medical management.
Endoscopic treatment (ET) has emerged as a less invasive alternative.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the evolution of VUR diagnosis and treatment in Spanish children's hospitals over the past decade.
To evaluate the long-term outcomes of endoscopic treatment (ET) using polytetrafluoroethylene, specifically subureteral polytetrafluoroethylene injection (STING).

Main Methods:

A nationwide survey of pediatric urology units in Spain was conducted.
A retrospective analysis of STING case records from five expert centers was performed.
Data on diagnostic methods, treatment modalities, and patient outcomes were collected and analyzed.

Main Results:

Significant changes in VUR management include the adoption of urodynamics and the increased use of ET over surgery and medical treatment.
ET, utilizing various materials, achieved a 75% cure rate after one injection with low complication rates.
The STING study on 2,035 ureters demonstrated cure rates of approximately 90% for grades I-IV VUR with 2-3 injections, nearly 70% for grade V, and 60% for complex reflux, with a complication rate below 1.2%.

Conclusions:

The management of VUR has significantly evolved, with greater utilization of urodynamics and ET.
Subureteral polytetrafluoroethylene injection (STING) offers reliable long-term efficacy and a favorable cost-effectiveness profile.
Despite its benefits, polytetrafluoroethylene-based ET is currently being superseded by alternative materials or techniques.