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Updated: Aug 29, 2026

Problem-Solving Before Instruction (PS-I): A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
Published on: September 11, 2021
University students' approaches to learning first-year mathematics
1Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Indianapolis, IN 46227, USA. halkhateeb@uindy.edu
Abstract:
This study assessed reliability and validity of the Approaches to earning Mathematics Questionnaire, for 218 university students. The study also identified the relationship between subscales. Internal consistency as Cronbach alpha was .77 for the Surface Approach to Learning scale and .88 for the Deep Approach to Learning scale. Principal components analysis yielded a two-factor solution accounting for only 34.6% of variance. The factors were interpreted as Surface Approach and Deep Approach to learning mathematics, as in Australia. The former subscale scores were negatively correlated -.2 with the latter subscale scores.
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