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Updated: Aug 12, 2026

In situ Subcellular Fractionation of Adherent and Non-adherent Mammalian Cells
Published on: July 23, 2010
Positional information in cells and organisms
1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Iowa, 138 Biology Bldg, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324, USA.
Abstract:
The processes of pattern formation are usually considered to be quite different in unicellular and multicellular organisms. The only unifying ideas have been very general, such as those concerning regional differences and organization along a polar axis. Concepts like induction, fields and gradients have generally been applied only to the development of multicellular organisms. Here, Joseph Frankel suggests that pattern formation by multicellular organisms evolved in their progenitors in response to multiplication of cytoplasmic structural units rather than of nuclei. Ciliates provide a living example of complex patterning in a compound uninucleate organism.
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