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Updated: Jul 30, 2026

Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols
Published on: April 21, 2017
Evidence that nitric acid increases relative humidity in low-temperature cirrus clouds
1Aeronomy Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305, USA. rgao@al.noaa.gov
Scientists discovered a new type of ice particle, called Delta-ice, in cirrus clouds. These particles contain nitric acid (HNO3) and significantly increase relative humidity with respect to ice (RHi), impacting climate models.
Area of Science:
- Atmospheric Chemistry
- Cloud Physics
- Climate Science
Background:
- Cirrus clouds play a crucial role in Earth's energy balance.
- Nitric acid (HNO3) is a key component in atmospheric chemistry, influencing cloud formation and climate.
- Understanding upper tropospheric cloud properties is vital for accurate climate modeling.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the properties of nitric acid (HNO3) in natural and contrail cirrus clouds.
- To identify the role of HNO3 in ice particle formation and their impact on relative humidity with respect to ice (RHi).
- To introduce a new class of ice particles, termed Delta-ice, and their implications for climate.
Main Methods:
- In situ measurements of relative humidity with respect to ice (RHi) in upper tropospheric clouds.
- Simultaneous measurements of nitric acid (HNO3) concentrations.
- Analysis of cloud particle composition in both natural and contrail cirrus.
Main Results:
- At temperatures below 202 Kelvin, RHi values sharply increased to over 130% in both natural and contrail cirrus.
- These elevated RHi values are linked to the presence of novel HNO3-containing ice particles, designated as Delta-ice.
- A mechanism similar to antifreeze protein action is proposed for how surface HNO3 inhibits ice/vapor equilibrium.
Conclusions:
- Delta-ice particles represent a newly identified link between global climate and nitrogen oxide emissions.
- The inclusion of Delta-ice in climate models is expected to modify simulated cirrus cloud properties.
- Accurate representation of Delta-ice will improve predictions of upper tropospheric water vapor distribution and climate impacts.
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