Legislation with respect to dioxins in the workplace

Legislation of chemicals is complex and doubts have often been expressed as to its effectiveness, but there are many problems involved in regulating chemicals from synthesis and use through to disposal. Using dioxins as an example of a chemical currently with complicating factors surrounding its control, this paper reviews its occupational legislation, chemistry, formation, toxicity, occurrence, and disposal in industrial situations, and sets this information in context by reference to its environmental occurrence and associated legislation. The role and limitations of legislation to control chemicals like dioxins, which are micropollutants and not intentionally produced, are discussed. Dioxins were chosen as the example because they are widespread, exposure occurs through a variety of routes, and they possess a reputation that ensures public concern. Because dioxins are ubiquitous and are predominantly produced by incineration, whether accidental or deliberate, intake is a total of all exposures from diet, environment and occupation. Occupational exposure is only one factor in this total, but this exposure may push total intake above recommended levels. Although overall exposure is reducing, public concern is rising, and this may be a consequence of greater scientific knowledge. Potential workplace exposures have been evaluated, and a sampling survey was recently undertaken in some of these sectors. The legal options are discussed, and the reasons for some decisions explained. Regulators have an unenviable task, and I believe there is only a fine balance between effective control and over-complicated prescriptive legislation.