A study of compatibility between cells and biopolymeric surfaces through quantitative measurements of adhesive forces

The mechanism of cell adhesion to biomaterials or components of the extracellular matrix is an important topic in the field of tissue engineering and related biotechnological processes. Many factors affect cell adhesion, and many biochemical and biological studies have attempted to identify their roles in the adhesion mechanism. Systematic studies of this nature require quantification of the adhesive force of a cell to identify the effect of a specific factor. However, most studies of cell adhesive force have used qualitative approaches. We propose a new technique for quantifying the force by which cells adhere to various biomaterial surfaces, which utilizes the relationship between the deflection of a cantilever beam and the required force. A micropipette was used as the cantilever beam. This technique was used to measure the attachment forces of chondrocytes seeded on three different biodegradable polymers commonly used in tissue engineering and medicine: poly epsilon-carprolactone (PCL), poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PGLA, L/G = 75:25). The bond between the cells and the three polymers was evaluated using the quantified adhesive forces. The adhesive forces were also measured 8, 12, 24 h and 5 days after seeding the chondrocytes on the polymer surfaces. Results of statistical analysis showed that the cells attached to the PLLA had the strongest average attachment force for up to 24 h after seeding (P < 0.05).