Epstein-Barr virus and cancer.

Area of Science:

• Virology
• Oncology
• Immunology

Background:

• Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first human virus identified as a carcinogen.
• Over 90% of the global population is infected with EBV, yet only a fraction develop associated tumors.
• Tumor susceptibility varies geographically and immunologically, highlighting host-dependent factors in EBV-related cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in human carcinogenesis.
• To discuss the mechanisms by which EBV proteins contribute to cancer development.
• To highlight recent therapeutic advances for EBV-associated malignancies.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of EBV's role in cancer.
• Analysis of EBV's molecular mechanisms in cellular pathway usurpation.
• Summary of current and emerging treatment strategies for EBV-related disorders.

Main Results:

• EBV is implicated in Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and lymphomas in immunocompromised individuals.
• Associations with gastric and breast epithelial malignancies are noted, though some remain under investigation.
• EBV proteins mimic host factors to disrupt cellular regulation, promoting cancer.

Conclusions:

• EBV plays a significant role in human cancer pathogenesis through molecular mimicry and cellular pathway disruption.
• Geographical and immunological factors influence individual susceptibility to EBV-driven tumors.
• Emerging therapies, including antivirals, monoclonal antibodies, and T-cell therapies, show promise for treating EBV-related diseases.