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Updated: Aug 26, 2026
Standardized Hemorrhagic Shock Induction Guided by Cerebral Oximetry and Extended Hemodynamic Monitoring in Pigs
Published on: May 21, 2019
Phosphomonoesters predict early mortality in porcine hemorrhagic shock
Jodie H Taylor1, Greg J Beilman, Mark J Conroy
1Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Background:
Hemodynamic, laboratory, and tissue energetics were measured in a porcine model of hemorrhagic shock to evaluate variables as predictors of early mortality from shock. We hypothesized that elevated phosphomonoesters would predict early mortality in hemorrhagic shock.
Methods:
Pigs (n = 36) were subjected to 35% hemorrhage for 90 minutes in a 1.5-T nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) magnet. Measurements included base deficit (BD); lactate; oxygen consumption/delivery; near-infrared spectroscopy of liver, stomach, and skeletal muscle tissue oxyhemoglobin saturation; and NMR spectroscopic measurements of high-energy phosphates of liver and skeletal muscle. Variables were compared between nonsurvivors and survivors to resuscitation after 90-minute measurements.
Results:
Ninety-minute mortality was 25%. Muscle phosphomonoesters (PMEs) and oxygen consumption differed significantly between survivors and nonsurvivors at baseline. Regression analysis identified baseline muscle PME levels, baseline BD, and 30-minute BD as early predictors of mortality before resuscitation (r2 = 0.304).
Conclusion:
Baseline elevation in muscle PME levels predicts mortality in an animal model of severe hemorrhagic shock.
