Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 26, 2026
The Transition to an Anterior-Based Muscle Sparing Approach Improves Early Postoperative Function but is Associated with a Learning Curve
Published on: September 7, 2022
Type of incision for below knee amputation
1Department of Vascular Surgery, Bedford Hospital, Kempston Road, Bedford, Bedfordshire, UK, MK42 9DJ.
Background:
Below knee amputation (BKA) may be necessary in patients with advanced critical limb ischaemia or diabetic foot sepsis in whom no other treatment option is available. There is no consensus as to which surgical technique achieves the maximum rehabilitation potential.
Objectives:
To look at the evidence comparing different surgical techniques for BKA using stump healing, wound infection, reamputation rate and mobility with a prosthetic limb as outcome measures.
Search Strategy:
Publications describing randomised controlled trials comparing different types of incision for below knee amputation were sought using the search strategy described by the Cochrane Review Group on Peripheral Vascular Diseases. This involved searching the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE and EMBASE. Additional searches were made of bibliographies of papers found through these searches, and also by handsearching relevant journals.
Selection Criteria:
Randomised controlled trials comparing two or more types of skin incision for BKA were identified. All patients with lower limb ischaemia (acute or chronic) and/or diabetic foot sepsis were considered for inclusion. Patients undergoing below knee amputation for other conditions were excluded.
Data Collection And Analysis:
Three studies were included in the analysis: two-stage versus one-stage BKA; skew flaps BKA versus long posterior flap BKA; sagittal flaps BKA versus long posterior flap BKA. Data were extracted independently by both authors.
Main Results:
BKA using skew flaps or sagittal flaps conferred no advantage over the well established long posterior flap technique. For patients with wet gangrene, a two-stage procedure with a guillotine amputation at the ankle followed by a definitive long posterior flap amputation leads to better primary stump healing than a one-stage procedure.
Reviewer'S Conclusions:
Evidence suggests that the choice of amputation technique has no effect on outcome and can therefore be a simple matter of surgeon preference. Factors which might influence this include previous experience of a particular technique, the extent of non-viable tissue, and the location of pre-existing surgical scars.
