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Related Concept Videos

Polymers02:34

Polymers

The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the properties that they exhibit. Additionally,...
Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Superplasticizers01:30

Superplasticizers

Superplasticizers are advanced admixtures that enhance the workability of concrete by lowering the water content without compromising the strength of the material. These substances are highly effective water reducers, improving concrete flow, making it easier to work with, and enabling concrete to reach inaccessible areas or densely reinforced sections without mechanical vibration. The key components in superplasticizers are either sulfonated melamine or naphthalene formaldehyde condensates,...

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Preparation of Highly Porous Coordination Polymer Coatings on Macroporous Polymer Monoliths for Enhanced Enrichment of Phosphopeptides
10:27

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Conjugated polymers featuring heavier main group element multiple bonds: a diphosphene-PPV.

Rhett C Smith1, John D Protasiewicz

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106-7078, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|February 26, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel ligand to stabilize low-coordinate phosphorus, enabling the creation of unique inorganic-organic conjugated polymers. These new phosphaalkene and diphosphene polymers exhibit E-configuration and were characterized using spectroscopy and NMR.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Low-coordinate phosphorus compounds are challenging to synthesize and stabilize due to their high reactivity.
  • Conjugated materials offer unique electronic and optical properties, but incorporating phosphorus into polymer backbones presents synthetic hurdles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel sterically encumbered bifunctional ligand for stabilizing low-coordinate phosphorus centers.
  • To synthesize new hybrid inorganic-organic conjugated materials, specifically phosphaalkene and diphosphene polymers.
  • To characterize the structural and electronic properties of the newly synthesized polymers.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a new sterically encumbered bifunctional ligand.
  • Preparation of phosphaalkene polymers using a diphospha-Wittig reagent.
  • Synthesis of an unprecedented polymer containing diphosphene units in the main chain.
  • Characterization using UV-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, 1H NMR, and 31P NMR spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • Successful development of a ligand enabling simultaneous stabilization of two low-coordinate phosphorus centers.
  • Synthesis of exclusively E-configured phosphaalkene polymers.
  • Report of a novel polymer featuring diphosphene units within the polymer backbone.
  • Characterization confirmed the structure and properties of the soluble polymers.

Conclusions:

  • The developed ligand is effective in creating novel hybrid inorganic-organic conjugated materials.
  • The synthetic strategies allow for the controlled incorporation of phosphorus, including diphosphene units, into polymer main chains.
  • These new phosphorus-containing polymers represent a new class of materials with potential applications in optoelectronics.