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Updated: Aug 26, 2026

Simultaneous Application of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation during Virtual Reality Exposure
Published on: January 18, 2021
Reorganization of unresolved childhood traumatic memories following exposure therapy
K Chase Stovall-McClough1, Marylene Cloitre
1University School of Medicine, Child Study Center, Institute for Trauma and Stress, 215 Lexington Avenue, 16th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA. stovak01@med.nyu.edu
Abstract:
As part of an ongoing randomized clinical trial for childhood-abuse-related PTSD, this study examined the association between PTSD and unresolved attachment as measured by the Adult Attachment Interview in a sample of 52 female childhood-abuse survivors. Results revealed that 55% of the sample was classified as preoccupied and almost 75% was classified as unresolved with regard to trauma. In a preliminary sample of 18 women who completed treatment, 13 were unresolved before treatment and 8 lost their unresolved status following treatment. This effect was significantly more pronounced in the exposure condition compared to the skills training condition.
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