Epinephrine and calcium have similar oxygen costs of contractility

We compared the oxygen cost of increasing ventricular contractility using Emax (slope of the ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation) as the index of ventricular contractility. Contractility was enhanced by calcium and epinephrine in paired experiments on dog left ventricles. Firstly, we obtained left ventricular oxygen consumption (VO2) and systolic pressure-volume area (PVA, a measure of total mechanical energy) of contractions at different volumes in the control contractile state to determine a reference VO2-PVA relation. PVA was obtained as the area in the pressure-volume (P-V) diagram which was bounded by the end-systolic P-V line, end-diastolic P-V curve and systolic P-V trajectory of individual contractions. Secondly, we gradually enhanced Emax with calcium and epinephrine in two consecutive runs at a fixed ventricular volume. Both VO2 and PVA increased with enhanced Emax. From these VO2-PVA data, we calculated the PVA-independent VO2 values at the respective enhanced Emax levels and determined the oxygen cost of Emax as the slope of the relation between the PVA-independent VO2 and Emax. The cost per beat and per 100 g was 0.00158 ml O2/(mmHg/ml) for calcium and 0.00166 ml O2/(mmHg/ml) for epinephrine on average, values not significantly different from each other (P less than 0.05). We conclude that epinephrine and calcium have similar oxygen costs of contractility over a wide range of Emax despite their different pharmacological mechanisms of positive inotropism.