Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 25, 2026

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
07:36

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

Neonatal and very-early-onset diabetes mellitus

Michel Polak1, Julian Shield

  • 1Paediatric Endocrinology and INSERM EMI 0363, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France. michel.polak@nck.ap-hop-paris.fr

Seminars in Neonatology : SN
|March 12, 2004
PubMed

Insights

Transient (TNDM) and permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM) are rare infant conditions. Understanding their mechanisms offers insights into fetal development, islet cell function, and type 2 diabetes predisposition.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pediatrics
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) encompasses transient (TNDM) and permanent (PNDM) forms, affecting 1 in 400,000-500,000 live births.
  • TNDM presents in early infancy, resolves, but often relapses later as type 2 diabetes, suggesting persistent pancreatic dysfunction.
  • PNDM involves early-onset insulin secretory failure with identified molecular causes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the underlying mechanisms of TNDM and PNDM.
  • To investigate the implications of TNDM for fetal pancreatic development, islet cell physiology, and type 2 diabetes risk.
  • To review management strategies for neonatal diabetes, including insulin pump therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on TNDM and PNDM.
  • Analysis of clinical presentations and suspected etiologies.
  • Discussion of therapeutic approaches.

Main Results:

  • TNDM involves temporary diabetes with potential for later relapse, linked to metabolic stress.
  • PNDM has diverse molecular underpinnings.
  • Insulin pump therapy is a viable option for neonatal insulin management.

Conclusions:

  • NDM pathogenesis offers insights into broader diabetes development and physiology.
  • Further research into TNDM mechanisms may illuminate type 2 diabetes predisposition.
  • Effective insulin management is crucial for infants with PNDM.

More Related Videos

Electrochemiluminescence Assays for Human Islet Autoantibodies09:15

Electrochemiluminescence Assays for Human Islet Autoantibodies

Published on: March 23, 2018

Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction01:26

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and long-term...
Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...