Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Experiment Videos

Microbial recognition by Toll-like receptors.

Kiyoshi Takeda1, Shizuo Akira

  • 1Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.

Journal of Dermatological Science
|March 23, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) detect microbes to activate innate immunity. Specific TIR domain adaptors like MyD88, TRIF, TIRAP/Mal, and TRAM orchestrate these crucial TLR signaling pathways for pathogen defense.

Related Concept Videos

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The intestine as a nexus of tissue-encoded immunological memory.

International immunology·2026
Same author

The IL-10/IL-10Rα axis in fibroblasts limits large intestinal pathology by suppressing type I interferon signaling.

International immunology·2026
Same author

Reprogramming the gut immune system: featured advances in intestinal immunity in 2025.

Immunology and cell biology·2026
Same author

Microbiota-derived metabolites in intestinal immune disorders.

Progress in molecular biology and translational science·2026
Same author

Single-cell transcriptome analysis reveals the association between ketone body synthesis and morphogenic profile of intestinal epithelia in neonatal mice.

Mucosal immunology·2026
Same author

GPR35 mediates monocyte recruitment to the sites of Listeria monocytogenes infection.

Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS·2025

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key sensors of microbial invasion.
  • TLR recognition of conserved microbial components initiates innate immune responses.
  • Signaling cascades are initiated by conserved cytoplasmic Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domains.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the regulatory roles of TIR domain-containing adaptors in TLR signaling pathways.
  • To understand how adaptors mediate pathogen-specific immune responses.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of accumulating evidence on TLR signaling adaptors.
  • Analysis of the specific functions of MyD88, TIRAP/Mal, TRIF, and TRAM in TLR pathways.

Main Results:

  • MyD88 is a universal adaptor for inflammatory cytokine production in all TLR pathways.

Related Experiment Videos

  • TRIF mediates IFN-beta induction in TLR3 and TLR4 signaling.
  • TIRAP/Mal and TRAM play specific roles in TLR2 and TLR4-mediated pathways, distinguishing MyD88-dependent and TRIF-dependent signaling.

    • Conclusions:

    • TIR domain-containing adaptors are pivotal regulators of TLR-mediated signaling.
    • These adaptors precisely control downstream pathways, leading to tailored immune responses against specific pathogens.