Ergothioneine rescues PC12 cells from beta-amyloid-induced apoptotic death

Beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide is the major component of senile plaques and considered to have a causal role in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease. There has been compelling evidence that Abeta-induced cytotoxicity is mediated through oxidative and/or nitrosative stress. Recently, considerable attention has been focused on dietary manipulation of oxidative and/or nitrosative damage. l-Ergothioneine (EGT; 2-mercaptohistidine trimethylbetaine) is a low-molecular-weight naturally occurring thiol compound of dietary origin that exists in the brain, liver, kidney, erythrocytes, ocular tissues, and seminal fluids of mammals. This water-soluble antioxidant has the ability to scavenge hydroxyl and peroxynitrite radicals as well as activated oxygen species, such as singlet oxygen. In this study, we investigated the effects of EGT on Abeta-induced oxidative and/or nitrosative cell death. Rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells treated with Abeta underwent apoptotic death as determined by positive in situ terminal end-labeling (TUNEL staining), decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential, increased ratio of proapoptotic Bax to antiapoptotic Bcl-XL, elevated caspase-3 activity, and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. EGT pretreatment attenuated Abeta-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Compared to N-acetyl-l-cysteine, which mainly scavenges reactive oxygen species, EGT effectively inhibited Abeta-induced cell death by suppressing peroxynitrite formation and subsequent nitration of protein tyrosine residues. The effects of EGT on the cytotoxicity induced by the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and the peroxynitrite-generating 3-morpholinosydnonimine chlorhydrate (SIN-1) were compared. Whereas EGT significantly protected against SIN-1-mediated cell death, it barely affected the cytotoxicity induced by SNP. Thus EGT may attenuate apoptosis caused by Abeta, preferentially by eliminating peroxynitrite derived from the neurotoxic peptide. The importance of diet-derived antioxidants in the management of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders is discussed.