Oxidant mechanisms in response to ambient air particles

The toxic effects of air pollution are widely documented. In recent years, however, there has been an increasing interest in the study of the health effects of particulate matter (PM), a previously unexplored constituent of urban air pollution. Exposure to increased levels of PM of respirable size is strongly and consistently associated with increased cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality. Conversely, improved air quality appears to correlate with decreased mortality. Particulate matter is a mixture of inorganic and organic components that vary in size, origin, and composition. The mechanisms of PM health effects are still poorly understood. However, studies in cellular and animal models suggest a variety of possible mechanisms including direct effects of particle components on the intracellular sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS), indirect effects due to pro-inflammatory mediators released from PM-stimulated macrophages, and neural stimulation after particle deposition in the lungs. The involvement of ROS in each one of these possible pathways is discussed.