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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...
Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...

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A Generalized Method for Determining Free Soluble Phenolic Acid Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Cereals and Legumes
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Tocopherol composition of deodorization distillates and their antioxidative activity.

Malgorzata Nogala-Kalucka1, Jozef Korczak, Karl-Heinz Wagner

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Food Analysis, Agricultural University, PL-61623 Poznan, Mazowiecka 48, Poland. nogalamk@au.poznan.pl

Die Nahrung
|April 1, 2004
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Natural tocopherol concentrates from plant oil refining show significant antioxidant capacity. These valuable food antioxidants can replace synthetic options, enhancing nutritional value in foods.

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Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidants for Cosmetic Applications Using Polyol-Based Technology

Published on: August 23, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Food Chemistry
  • Biochemistry
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Deodorization distillates from plant oil refining are by-products rich in valuable biological substances like tocopherols.
  • Tocopherols are potent antioxidants with significant implications for food preservation and nutritional value.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the content and antioxidant capacity of tocopherol concentrates derived from rapeseed, soybean, and sunflower oil deodorization distillates.
  • To compare the antioxidant efficacy of these natural tocopherol concentrates against synthetic tocopherol isomers.

Main Methods:

  • Tocopherol concentrates were isolated from deodorization distillates using a freezing method with an acetone solution at -70°C.
  • Antioxidant activity was assessed using peroxide value measurements at 25°C and the Oxidograph test in a lard model system.
  • Comparisons were made with synthetic alpha-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherols.

Main Results:

  • The freezing method yielded tocopherol concentrates with approximately a fivefold increase in tocopherol content compared to deodorization condensates.
  • All tested tocopherol concentrates demonstrated antioxidant capacity in the lard model system.
  • The antioxidant effect of natural concentrates was lower than synthetic delta- and gamma-tocopherols but higher than alpha-tocopherol.

Conclusions:

  • Natural tocopherol concentrates from plant oils are effective food antioxidants.
  • These concentrates enhance the biological and nutritional value of foods, particularly animal fats and products of animal origin.
  • Tocopherol concentrates present a viable natural alternative to synthetic antioxidants currently used in the food industry.