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Thyroid autoimmunity and dysfunction associated with type I interferon therapy.

F Monzani1, N Caraccio, A Dardano

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, I-56126 Pisa, Italy. fmonzani@int.med.unipi.it

Clinical and Experimental Medicine
|April 23, 2004
PubMed
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Type I interferons can cause thyroid dysfunction in 6.2% of patients, primarily hypothyroidism. While often subclinical and resolving spontaneously, routine thyroid monitoring is recommended during interferon therapy.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Type I interferons are utilized in treating viral hepatitis, multiple sclerosis, and various cancers.
  • Thyroid dysfunction is a recognized, though not uncommon, side effect of interferon therapy.
  • Observed thyroid alterations can occur independently of autoimmune mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on thyroid dysfunction associated with type I interferon therapy.
  • To determine the prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors of interferon-induced thyroid abnormalities.
  • To discuss potential mechanisms and recommend clinical monitoring strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of studies reporting thyroid function in patients receiving type I interferons.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Analysis of reported prevalence, types of thyroid dysfunction (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis), and spontaneous resolution rates.
  • Identification of risk factors such as female sex and pre-existing autoimmune thyroiditis.

    • Main Results:

    • An overall mean prevalence of 6.2% for incident thyroid dysfunction was found, with hypothyroidism (3.9%) more common than hyperthyroidism (2.3%).
    • Thyroid dysfunction was predominantly subclinical, with nearly 60% resolving spontaneously.
    • Female sex and pre-existing autoimmune thyroiditis were identified as risk factors.

    Conclusions:

    • Type I interferon therapy is associated with a notable incidence of thyroid dysfunction, often subclinical and self-resolving.
    • While autoimmune mechanisms are suspected, direct thyrocyte effects may also contribute to hypothyroidism.
    • Routine thyroid-stimulating hormone monitoring is advised during therapy, with focused assessment for high-risk individuals.