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Related Concept Videos

Hand hygiene01:23

Hand hygiene

Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
Hand washing...
Cleaning, Sterilization, and Disinfection01:30

Cleaning, Sterilization, and Disinfection

Cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization are the methods that help to break the infection chain and prevent disease.
Cleaning
The cleaning process usually involves using water with detergents or enzymatic cleaner and removing foreign material from objects and surfaces, including organic material such as body fluids or inorganic material like soil. Cleaning is performed before high-level disinfection and sterilization because foreign materials on the cover of the devices interfere with process...
Handwashing II: Pre-procedure and Initial Procedure Steps01:19

Handwashing II: Pre-procedure and Initial Procedure Steps

The pre-procedure steps of handwashing include removing jewelry and rolling up sleeves. However, many organizations allow staff to wear wedding rings.
The hand washing procedure itself includes the following steps. First, cover cuts, if any, on hands with a waterproof dressing. Cuts and abrasions can become contaminated with bacteria hindering the ability to clean the area thoroughly. In addition, repeated hand washing can worsen an injury.  The nails must be short and clean, without nail paint...
Handwashing III: During the Procedure and Post-Procedure Steps01:15

Handwashing III: During the Procedure and Post-Procedure Steps

To wash hands properly, follow these steps:
Suctioning the Nasopharyngeal Airway01:29

Suctioning the Nasopharyngeal Airway

Nasopharyngeal suctioning is a procedure to remove secretions from the upper part of the respiratory tract that the patient cannot clear independently. It helps maintain airway patency and prevents complications such as aspiration pneumonia.
Equipment Required
Suctioning the Oropharyngeal Airway01:25

Suctioning the Oropharyngeal Airway

In preparing for oropharyngeal airway suctioning, a nurse must gather all necessary equipment, including a suction unit with tubing, a prepackaged suction kit, sterile gloves, water or saline for irrigation, a water-soluble lubricant, and additional personal protective equipment (such as a gown, mask, and goggles) to control infections.
After assembling the equipment, the nurse should practice hand hygiene and don appropriate PPE according to infection control guidelines to avoid the...

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Updated: Jul 27, 2026

Scanning Electron Microscopic Evaluation of Surface Defects of Remover Retreatment File After Single and Multiple Uses
03:07

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A cleaning protocol for rotary nickel-titanium endodontic instruments.

P Parashos1, P Linsuwanont, H H Messer

  • 1School of Dental Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria. parashos@iprimus.com.au

Australian Dental Journal
|April 24, 2004
PubMed
Summary

A new cleaning protocol effectively removes debris from rotary nickel-titanium (NiTi) endodontic files, making them reusable after sterilization. This method supports reprocessing dental instruments, reducing waste and costs in endodontic procedures.

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Area of Science:

  • Dental instrument reprocessing
  • Endodontic file cleaning
  • Sterilization prerequisites

Background:

  • Effective cleaning of dental instruments before sterilization is crucial for reprocessing and reuse.
  • Rotary nickel-titanium (NiTi) endodontic files require a practical cleaning protocol for clinical application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a clinically practical cleaning protocol for rotary NiTi endodontic files.
  • To assess the efficacy of the developed protocol in removing root canal debris prior to sterilization.

Main Methods:

  • Used six types of rotary NiTi files contaminated with root canal debris.
  • Employed mechanical and chemical cleaning: chlorhexidine-soaked sponges, pre-soaking in enzymatic solution, and ultrasonication.
  • Examined files microscopically for stained debris after cleaning.

Main Results:

  • Macroscopic examination showed no visible debris on cleaned files.
  • Microscopic analysis revealed that the developed protocol rendered rotary NiTi files 100% free of stained debris.
  • New files also contained some debris, indicating the protocol's effectiveness.

Conclusions:

  • The developed cleaning protocol effectively cleans rotary NiTi endodontic files, supporting their reuse.
  • The protocol consists of specific steps: chlorhexidine sponge cleaning, enzymatic pre-soak, ultrasonication, and rinsing.
  • Findings challenge the single-use recommendation for endodontic files based on cleaning efficacy.