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Related Concept Videos

Short-distance Transport of Resources02:12

Short-distance Transport of Resources

Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene π orbitals.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Quantitation and Analysis of the Formation of HO-Endonuclease Stimulated Chromosomal Translocations by Single-Strand Annealing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
09:40

Quantitation and Analysis of the Formation of HO-Endonuclease Stimulated Chromosomal Translocations by Single-Strand Annealing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Published on: September 23, 2011

Hitchhiking without covalent integration.

Michael Botchan1

  • 1Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

Cell
|April 28, 2004
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Latent viruses like papillomavirus attach to host chromosomes for cell division. This study reveals the cellular proteins involved in animal papillomavirus retention on chromosomes, offering new insights into viral persistence.

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Site-Directed φC31-Mediated Integration and Cassette Exchange in Anopheles Vectors of Malaria
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Site-Directed φC31-Mediated Integration and Cassette Exchange in Anopheles Vectors of Malaria

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Covalent Fragment Screening Using the Quantitative Irreversible Tethering Assay
06:17

Covalent Fragment Screening Using the Quantitative Irreversible Tethering Assay

Published on: February 28, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Quantitation and Analysis of the Formation of HO-Endonuclease Stimulated Chromosomal Translocations by Single-Strand Annealing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
09:40

Quantitation and Analysis of the Formation of HO-Endonuclease Stimulated Chromosomal Translocations by Single-Strand Annealing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Published on: September 23, 2011

Site-Directed φC31-Mediated Integration and Cassette Exchange in Anopheles Vectors of Malaria
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Site-Directed φC31-Mediated Integration and Cassette Exchange in Anopheles Vectors of Malaria

Published on: February 2, 2021

Covalent Fragment Screening Using the Quantitative Irreversible Tethering Assay
06:17

Covalent Fragment Screening Using the Quantitative Irreversible Tethering Assay

Published on: February 28, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Many latent viruses noncovalently attach to eukaryotic mitotic chromosomes.
  • This attachment ensures viral genome partitioning during cell division.
  • While viral elements are known, cellular factors mediating this chromosomal tethering remain largely undefined.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the cellular protein machinery responsible for animal papillomavirus retention on mitotic chromosomes.
  • To provide the first insight into the host factors involved in viral episome partitioning.

Main Methods:

  • The study likely employed proteomic approaches to identify interacting partners.
  • Techniques such as immunoprecipitation and microscopy were probably used to validate interactions and localization.
  • Functional assays were likely performed to assess the role of identified proteins in viral retention.

Main Results:

  • The research identified specific cellular proteins that interact with animal papillomavirus episomes.
  • These proteins are crucial for tethering the viral DNA to mitotic chromosomes.
  • The findings elucidate a key mechanism for viral genome stability and propagation.

Conclusions:

  • The study uncovers essential host cell factors involved in animal papillomavirus chromosomal tethering.
  • This provides a foundational understanding of viral persistence mechanisms.
  • These findings open avenues for therapeutic strategies targeting viral retention.