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Updated: Aug 16, 2026

An Experimental Model to Study Tuberculosis-Malaria Coinfection upon Natural Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium berghei
Published on: February 18, 2014
Vulnerability to malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS infection and disease. Part 1: determinants operating at
Imelda Bates1, Caroline Fenton, Janet Gruber
1Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK. ibates@liv.ac.uk
Abstract:
A high burden of malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV infection contributes to national and individual poverty. We have reviewed a broad range of evidence detailing factors at individual, household, and community levels that influence vulnerability to malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV infection and used this evidence to identify strategies that could improve resilience to these diseases. This first part of the review explores the concept of vulnerability to infectious diseases and examines how age, sex, and genetics can influence the biological response to malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV infection. We highlight factors that influence processes such as poverty, livelihoods, gender discrepancies, and knowledge acquisition and provide examples of how approaches to altering these processes may have a simultaneous effect on all three diseases.
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