[Western bio-ethics--Israel between North America and Europe]

In an attempt to re-structure and formulate western bio-ethics in the '80's, the four principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy and justice were promulgated in North America and the United Kingdom. Extensive criticism was leveled against this endeavor, as being erroneous in principle or substantially inadequate. Furthermore, European opponents of this effort claimed that the Continent's 'true' set of values greatly differs from those of North America, hence negating attempts for global bio-ethics based on these principles. In this review the principles of modern American bio-ethics are presented and criticisms presently deliberated in Europe are introduced, while offering alternative principles. Israel's unique position is demonstrated by its legislation on issues such as the national health system, organ transplantation, the right to refuse medical treatment and stem cell research, all confirming that Israel begs to differ. We conclude that European values have much in common with Israel's tradition and culture, commending due modification of our ethical conceptions and training programs. The coming years should be characterized by constant dialogue between the proponents of European and American values, while Israel's individual standpoint is maintained.